沂蒙山区金银花光合效率对土壤水分的响应

为探索抗旱灌木光合作用效率对土壤水分的响应特征与阈值效应，以沂蒙山区优势灌木金银花为材料布设盆栽模拟试验，通过人工灌水与植物自然耗水的方法进行控水处理，在不同水分梯度下测定分析了金银花的光合作用参数，并对土壤水分有效性进行了分级。结果表明:1）金银花叶片净光合速率（P_n）和水分利用效率（WUE）对土壤相对含水量（RSWC）具有明显的阈值响应规律，当RSWC分别为79.59%和47.43%时，金银花P_n、WUE达到最大值。当RSWC=29.71%时，制约光合效率的主要因子由气孔限制转为非气孔限制。2）确定了金银花光合作用的5个特征水分阈值:P_n水分补偿点、P_n水分均值点、P_n水分饱和点、WUE水分均值点和WUE水分高效点。同时，将金银花的土壤水分有效性划分了5个等级:高产高效水、高产中效水、中产高效水、低产低效水和无产无效水。3）田间水分管理时，为维持金银花较高的光合作用水平，应维持的土壤水分范围为:42.38%≤RSWC≤96.05%，避免土壤水分低于29.71%。研究结果可为沂蒙山区干旱逆境下金银花的风险诊断和田间水分管理提供科学依据。     

内蒙古苏木山华北落叶松生物量及碳储量研究

森林生物量、碳储量是评价森林生长状况的重要指标。通过野外样地调查及室内烘干称重等方法,研究了苏木山林场不同林龄华北落叶松人工林乔木层、灌木层、草本层生物量以及乔木层净生产力、碳储量积累特点和变化趋势。结果表明:幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林平均木的生物量分别为26.41 kg、32.70 kg、107.81 kg;林分生物量分别为43.66 t·hm^-2、79.88 t·hm^-2、125.83 t·hm^-2;灌木层和草本层生物量之和分别为1.44 t·hm^-2、1.19 t·hm^-2、0.95 t·hm^-2;乔木层净第一生产力分别为2.56 t·hm^-2·a^-1、3.07 t·hm^-2·a^-1、3.40 t·hm^-2·a^-1,碳储量分别为22.20 t·hm^-2、40.55 t·hm^-2、63.80 t·hm^-2。苏木山华北落叶松人工林生物量、碳储量随林龄增加而增大,各器官碳储量从大到小依次为干>根>枝>皮>叶。     

水流作用下一种养殖金属网衣水阻力特性的数值模拟研究

为保障深远海金属网箱养殖系统的结构安全,进行网箱结构的水动力学研究是一项重要的工作。构成金属网箱主要组成部分的金属网衣是一种小直径多孔的网状结构,在波浪和水流作用下的水动力学特性与一般的海洋工程结构物有显著不同。本文基于有限元基本原理,采用梁单元模拟金属网线结构,采用连接单元模拟网线接触部位的相互作用,并运用ABAQUS软件进行数值计算,在试验验证的基础上,分析了在水流作用下一种金属菱形链网衣在不同网目尺寸、不同网线直径情况下的水阻力变化情况。数值模拟结果表明在各种工况下,当网目尺寸由25 mm增加到35 mm、45 mm时,网衣受力增加幅度的平均值分别为14.71%和38.07%;当网线直径由2.5 mm增加到3.2 mm、4.0 mm时,各工况下网衣受力增加幅度的平均值分别为25.05%和45.06%。研究结果可以为进一步开展深海养殖金属网箱水动力特性研究提供积极的基础。     

基于大型渔业平台的深远海渔业发展现状与思考

基于渔业产业现状,分析国内外在大型渔业平台、深海网箱和养殖工船方面的发展现状,提出“游弋式”养殖工船及深远海渔业的基本概念。受限于投资成本、技术发展水平等客观因素,中国深远海养殖发展速度缓慢,但近年来取得了一定的发展成效。笔者针对现阶段渔业粗放型生产方式的现状,从国家战略、渔业改革和产业需求等角度分析深远海渔业发展的必要性,认为发展以养殖工船为代表的深远海大型渔业平台是实现渔业强国之路的有效途径之一,走出一条符合中国国情的深远海渔业平台的开发之路势在必行。     

中国稻田生态系统服务净价值评估

使用当量因子法和数量模型核算了2007—2016年中国稻田生态系统服务净价值。结果显示:1)2016年中国稻田生态系统提供服务价值为1.344×10~(12)元,服务成本为0.144×10~(12)元,服务净价值为1.2×10~(12)元,平均生态服务净价值为3 977元/hm~2;2)2007—2016年,中国稻田生态系统服务净价值总体呈上升趋势,中东部地区稻田生态系统服务净价值较高,西北地区较低;3)稻田受化肥和农药污染较严重的省份为安徽。研究结论为制定精准的生态补偿机制提供了可靠的参考数据。各省应响应"农业节肥节药"政策,参照稻田生态成本比例有针对性地进行农村污染治理和生态环境保护工作。     

Large‐scale patterns of fish diversity and assemblage structure in the longest tropical river in Asia

Although the Mekong River is one of the world's 35 biodiversity hot spots, the large‐scale patterns of fish diversity and assemblage structure remain poorly addressed. This study aimed to investigate the fish distribution patterns in the Lower Mekong River (LMR) and to identify their environmental determinants. Daily fish catch data (i.e. from December 2000 to November 2001) at 38 sites distributed along the LMR were related to 15 physicochemical and 19 climatic variables. As a result, four different clusters were defined according to the similarity in assemblage composition and 80 indicator species were identified. While fish species richness was highest in the Mekong delta and lowest in the upper part of the LMR, the diversity index was highest in the middle part of the LMR and lowest in the delta. We found that fish assemblages changed along the environmental gradients and that the main drivers affecting the fish assemblage structure were the seasonal variation of temperature, precipitation, dissolved oxygen, pH and total phosphorus. Specifically, upstream assemblages were characterised by cyprinids and Pangasius catfish, well suited to low temperature, high dissolved oxygen and high pH. Fish assemblages in the delta were dominated by perch‐like fish and clupeids, more tolerant to high temperatures, and high levels of nutrients (nitrates and total phosphorus) and salinity. Overall, the patterns were consistent between seasons. Our study contributes to establishing the first holistic fish community study in the LMR.     

用液相色谱串联质谱法测定渔业水样中6种农药的含量

本文建立了一种快速检测渔业水质样本中酰胺类除草剂乙草胺、丙草胺、丁草胺、三嗪类除草剂莠去津、烟碱类杀虫剂噻虫嗪、三唑类杀菌剂苯醚甲环唑6种农药含量的液相色谱串联质谱法。采用乙腈-水-甲酸梯度洗脱、电喷雾电离方式、多反应监测模式测定考察检出限、线性范围、日内精密度及日间精密度。在三种加标浓度下,该方法的回收率为78.2%~104.7%。用液相色谱-四级杆-飞行时间质谱对疑似目标物质进行定性,用精确质量数、同位素丰度比和二级碎片解析方式等解析定性结构。该方法能够满足检测这六种农药的要求,能准确定性,自建的谱库可为渔业污染事故鉴定和水产品质量安全风险评估做支撑。     

春大豆鼓粒期冠层翻叶原因及翻叶对叶片净光合速率和粒重的影响

为明确春大豆鼓粒期冠层翻叶原因及翻叶对粒重的影响。在大田条件下,以28份大豆品种为材料,采用随机区组试验设计,研究了鼓粒初期植株顶部4片叶的单叶面积、比叶重、叶型指数、叶片含水量与翻叶率的关系;比较了翻叶与对照叶片的净光合速率、百粒重及粒重的差异。结果表明,不同大豆品种间翻叶率在0~26.5%之间,且差异显著,其中以‘中黄313’、‘中黄42’和‘中黄13’最高;单叶面积在46~151 cm²之间,其中以‘中黄39’、‘中黄42’和‘中黄13’最大;比叶重在0.536~1.64 mg/cm²之间,其中以‘中黄322’、‘中黄313’和‘中黄13’最低;叶型指数在1.35~3.51之间,其中以‘中黄70’、‘中黄80’和‘中黄42’最低。供试大豆品种分为3个类群,第I类群品种单叶面积小,比叶重高,叶型指数大,翻叶率为1.03%;第III类群品种单叶面积大,比叶重小,翻叶率高达19.7%;第II类群共4个品种,单叶面积、比叶重、叶型指数、翻叶率介于第I类和第III类群之间。翻叶后显著降低叶片净光合速率,平均降幅31.7%,粒数较多的‘新大豆27号’百粒重降低10.38%~22.4%,而粒数少的‘吉育60’粒重没有降低。大豆上层叶片单叶面积大、比叶重小及叶型指数低的叶片翻叶率高,翻叶降低叶片净光合速率,进而降低同节位百粒重及单节粒重,不利于大豆高产。     

Ridge-furrow plastic mulching with a suitable planting density enhances rainwater productivity,grain yield and economic benefit of rainfed maize

Soil surface mulching and planting density regulation are widely used for effective utilization of limited rainwater resources and improvement of crop productivity in dryland farming.However,the combined effects of mulching type and planting density on maize growth and yield have been seldom studied,especially in different hydrological years.A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of mulching type and planting density on the soil temperature,growth,grain yield(GY),water use efficiency(WUE)and economic benefit of rainfed maize in the drylands of northern China during 2015-2017.Precipitation fluctuated over the three years.There were four mulching types(NM,flat cultivation with non-mulching;SM,flat cultivation with straw mulching;RP,plastic-mulched ridge plus bare furrow;RPFS,plastic-mulched ridge plus straw-mulched furrow)and three planting densities(LD,low planting density,45.0×10^3 plants/hm^2;MD,medium planting density,67.5×10^3 plants/hm^2;HD,high planting density,90.0×10^3 plants/hm^2).Results showed that soil temperature was higher with RP and lower with SM compared with NM,but no significant difference was found between RPFS and NM.More soil water was retained by soil mulching at the early growth stage,but it significantly varied at the middle and late growth stages.Maize growth was significantly improved by soil mulching.With increasing planting density,stem diameter,net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content tended to decline,whereas a single-peak trend in biomass yield was observed.Mulching type and planting density did not have significant effect on evapotranspiration(ET),but GY and WUE were significantly affected.There were significant interacting effects of mulching type and planting density on biomass yield,GY,ET and WUE.Compared with NM,RPFS,RP and SM increased GY by 57.5%,50.8%and 18.9%,and increased WUE by 66.6%,54.3%and 18.1%,respectively.At MD,GY increased by 41.4%and 25.2%,and WUE increased by 38.6%and 22.4%compared with those of at LD and HD.The highest maize GY(7023.2 kg/hm^2)was observed under MD+RPFS,but the value(6699.1 kg/hm^2)was insignificant under MD+RP.Similar trends were observed for WUE under MD+RP and MD+RPFS,but no significant difference was observed between these two combinations.In terms of economic benefit,net income under MD+RP was the highest with a 9.8%increase compared with that of under MD+RPFS.Therefore,we concluded that RP cultivation pattern with a suitable planting density(67.5×10^3 plants/hm^2)is promising for rainwater resources utilization and maize production in the drylands of northern China.     

依据显微结构及光合特性探讨蝴蝶兰花芽分化的时期

以蝴蝶兰‘大辣椒’为试验材料，对花芽分化进程及期间光合特性和碳水化合物、可溶性蛋白及激素含量的变化进行研究。结果表明：花芽长度为0、2、4、8、16和24 cm时，分别处于花芽分化初始期、花序原基分化期、花原基分化期、萼片原基分化期和花瓣原基分化期（16和24 cm）。蝴蝶兰叶片的净CO2吸收速率在花芽发育前期（0 ~ 4 cm）没有显著变化，花芽8 cm时显著降低。花芽中的碳水化合物和可溶性蛋白的含量显著高于叶片，碳水化合物在花芽长度为4 cm时达到稳定水平，可溶性蛋白含量在花芽8 cm时达到叶片与花芽的平衡；赤霉素（GA）的含量在花芽2 cm时达到最大值，生长素（IAA）含量在花芽4 cm时显著升高，玉米素（ZT）含量在花芽8 cm时显著降低，而ABA含量在花芽发育的过程中并没有显著变化。由此可知，当蝴蝶兰花芽开始分化萼片原基（8 cm）时，光合生理及生化物质基本达到一个相对稳定的水平，此阶段的蝴蝶兰花芽已彻底完成成花分化。